והודעת להם את הדרך ילכו בה ואת המעשה אשר יעשון
You shall let them know the path they shall walk upon and the acts they shall do.
Bava Metzia 30b
תני רב יוסף (שמות יח) והודעת להם זה בית חייהם את הדרך זו גמילות חסדים ילכו זה ביקור חולים בה זו קבורה ואת המעשה זה הדין אשר יעשון זו לפנים משורת הדין
Rav Yosef said that the words "they shall walk" refer to the mitzva of Bikkur Cholim, of visiting the sick.
It appears that there is some special connection between Bikkur Cholim and the idea of walking. In truth, one is rewarded for the effort one makes, the "walking," in pursuit of every mitzva. But it seems that there is some special connection between this mitzva of Bikkur Cholim, and walking. Over the last couple of years, the question has come up here several times- why is there a special connection between Bikkur Cholim and Schar Halicha, the special reward for the the act of going to do the mitzvah. We have discussed it twice in Parshas Bo, in 2008 and 2012, here and here.
Normally, the question would not be strong, because it's common to find drashos from words that seem to have no discernible connection to the drasha. What made the question more interesting was the Gaon (Aderes Eliahu Devarim 1:12), who says that the reason the Gemara (Pesachim 30b and Sotah 12) associates Bikkur Cholim with the word ילכו is because the tachlis- the purpose?- of Bikkur Cholim is the הליכה, the walking, the preparation. The words of the Gaon are
Normally, the question would not be strong, because it's common to find drashos from words that seem to have no discernible connection to the drasha. What made the question more interesting was the Gaon (Aderes Eliahu Devarim 1:12), who says that the reason the Gemara (Pesachim 30b and Sotah 12) associates Bikkur Cholim with the word ילכו is because the tachlis- the purpose?- of Bikkur Cholim is the הליכה, the walking, the preparation. The words of the Gaon are
ילכו זה ביקור חולים מפני שבכל המצוות ההליכה אינה תכלית המצוה אבל כאן ההליכה עצמה היא המצוה
Yeilchu, "they shall walk," is Bikkur Cholim, because in all mitzvos the walking is not the purpose of the mitzva, but here, the walking itself is the mitzva. What can the Gaon possibly mean?
Tal Benschar, Michael, and great unknown commented on this question when we discussed it in the past, and Michael suggested that Schar Halicha is particularly significant when the mitzva involves going before the Shechina (e.g., going to Daven, going to the Beis Hamikdash for the Shalosh Regalim,) and that in Bikkur Cholim, too, the Shechina is present above the bed of the sick person. Thereupon, great unknown directed us to Rav Schwab in his Ma'ayan Beis HaShoeiva page 188, in Parshas Yisro, and I made a note to myself that when we get there, I would quote Rav Schwab, because he says precisely what the commenters were suggesting, and he says it very nicely. Thinking about this, I also realized something new about the Gaon's vort.
Rav Schwab brings the Gemara (.נדרים מ) that:
ואמר רבין אמר רב מנין שהשכינה שרויה למעלה ממטתו של חולה שנאמר יי' יסעדנו על ערש דוי תניא נמי הכי הנכנס לבקר את החולה לא ישב לא על גבי מטה ולא ע"ג ספסל ולא על גבי כסא אלא מתעטף ויושב ע"ג קרקע מפני שהשכינה שרויה למעלה ממטתו של חולה שנאמר יי' יסעדנו
Ravin said in the name of Rav, the Shechina is present above the bed of a sick person.
Then Rav Schwab points out that
והנה בכל מקום כשהמטרה הוא מקום השראת השכינה, מצינו שעצם ההליכה יש לה חשיבות ושכר לעצמו, וכדלהלן (בראשית רבה פרשה נה, ח) "ויקם וילך אל המקום" (בראשית כא, ג) ניתן לו שכר קימה ושכר הליכה; (אבות פרק ה) ארבע מידות בהולכי לבית המדרש: הולך ואינו עושה שכר הליכה בידו (סוטה כב.) ההיא אלמנה דהואי בי כנישתא בשיבבותה כל יומא הות אתיא ומצלה בי מדרשיה דר' יוחנן אמר לה בתי לא בית הכנסת בשיבבותך אמרה ליה רבי ולא שכר פסיעות יש לי (ברכות ו:) אמר רבי חלבו אמר רב הונא היוצא מבית הכנסת אל יפסיע פסיעה גסה אמר אביי לא אמרן אלא למיפק אבל למיעל מצוה למרהט שנא' (הושע ו) ונדעה נרדפה לדעת את ה' ושם א"ר זירא אגרא דפרקא רהטא
wherever the mitzva involves presenting one's self in a place where the Shechina manifests itself, we find that the act of walking has a special significance and is rewarded separately from the reward for actually doing the mitzva.
ולפי"ז מובן הטעם שלא פטרו זקן ואינו לפי כבודו, שכלום יש זקן שקנה חכמה שיחשוב ביקור למקום השראת השכינה כלמטה מכבודו ומה לו אם החולה הוא קטן למטה ממדריגתו מ"מ הקב"ה שרוי למעלה ממטתו
This is why, he explains, that while other acts of solicitude for another person's well being might be limited by the need to maintain a certain degree of public gravitas, so, for example, a king would not have a mitzva of returning a lost pair of galoshes, we find no such exclusion by the mitzva of visiting the sick. The reason is because this mitzva involves presenting one's self to the Shechina, and the status of the sick person is irrelevant; no matter how highly regarded the visitor is, it is an honor to him to be present.
With this idea from Rav Schwab, we understand the Gaon. The Gaon said that the reason the Torah hinted to the mitzva of Bikkur Cholim in the words Yeilchu bah, they should walk, is because in Bikkur Cholim, the walking itself is the Mitzva. What the Gaon means is that because Bikkur Cholim is a way we enter a place where the Shechina manifests itself, walking becomes a separate mitzva- a mitzva additional to and rewarded separately from the mitzva of Bikkur Cholim.
But the Gaon is telling us even more than that. Bikkur Cholim is under the rubric of Gemillas Chesed, loving kindness to a fellow Jew. Every Chesed has two beneficiaries- the recipient and the provider. The benefit to the recipient is obvious, and the dual benefit to the provider is the mitzva bein adam la'makom and the spiritual betterment that comes of doing kindness to a fellow human being. But specifically in the case of Bikkur Cholim, we ought to realize that beside the obvious benefit to the sick person, and beside the obvious benefit to the visitor's middos tovos, the visitor also benefits personally from the unique spiritual elevation of being in the presence of the Shechina. The Gaon is telling us that, counter-intuitive though it may be, the main beneficiary is the visitor.
But the Gaon is telling us even more than that. Bikkur Cholim is under the rubric of Gemillas Chesed, loving kindness to a fellow Jew. Every Chesed has two beneficiaries- the recipient and the provider. The benefit to the recipient is obvious, and the dual benefit to the provider is the mitzva bein adam la'makom and the spiritual betterment that comes of doing kindness to a fellow human being. But specifically in the case of Bikkur Cholim, we ought to realize that beside the obvious benefit to the sick person, and beside the obvious benefit to the visitor's middos tovos, the visitor also benefits personally from the unique spiritual elevation of being in the presence of the Shechina. The Gaon is telling us that, counter-intuitive though it may be, the main beneficiary is the visitor.
Look at the Gaon's words: בכל המצוות, ההליכה אינה תכלית המצוה. אבל כאן ההליכה עצמה היא המצוה. The fact remains that as far as the sick person is concerned, your walking cannot be anything more than הכנה, preparation. If, for some reason, the walking is more than mere הכנה here, then it must be that the primary beneficiary of the mitzva is the person who is walking, not the choleh. I don't care if pshat is like Rav Schwab or not. As far as pshat in the Gaon is concerned, there is no other way to read it. Without diminishing the benefit to the sick person, the Gaon is saying that the benefit to the visitor is more central to the Mitzva.
In his last years, as my father זצ"ל suffered through his terminal decline, we wondered why such a good and great man would experience such a terrible deterioration. He had saved many lives, he founded yeshivos and schools, he helped the poor, he was a masmid and a world class talmid chacham and pikei'ach. For what it's worth, I decided that the Ribono shel Olam was giving the community the chance to return some chesed, to show hakaras hatov. "Here," Hashem was saying, "this man who has done so much for you, this man is weak and sick and hungry for friendly face. Now you have a chance to show your hakaras hatov." Of course, some people came, even to the last days, and some people moved on to chanfeh others from whom they could derive more benefit and whose association would bring more glory to them. Even among those that came once a year, usually during Ellul, some clearly were patting themselves on the shoulder, thinking "What a fine man I am, visiting the Rabbi in his sad condition." Wrong. You were doing yourself the biggest chesed by visiting. I don't know what the best metaphor is, but those last years separated the men from the boys, they winnowed the grain from the chaff, and they were an x-ray that showed what lay beneath the surface, and it wasn't always pretty.
In his last years, as my father זצ"ל suffered through his terminal decline, we wondered why such a good and great man would experience such a terrible deterioration. He had saved many lives, he founded yeshivos and schools, he helped the poor, he was a masmid and a world class talmid chacham and pikei'ach. For what it's worth, I decided that the Ribono shel Olam was giving the community the chance to return some chesed, to show hakaras hatov. "Here," Hashem was saying, "this man who has done so much for you, this man is weak and sick and hungry for friendly face. Now you have a chance to show your hakaras hatov." Of course, some people came, even to the last days, and some people moved on to chanfeh others from whom they could derive more benefit and whose association would bring more glory to them. Even among those that came once a year, usually during Ellul, some clearly were patting themselves on the shoulder, thinking "What a fine man I am, visiting the Rabbi in his sad condition." Wrong. You were doing yourself the biggest chesed by visiting. I don't know what the best metaphor is, but those last years separated the men from the boys, they winnowed the grain from the chaff, and they were an x-ray that showed what lay beneath the surface, and it wasn't always pretty.
- Thank you very much, Michael, for sending me the text of the Kli Yakar in Parshas Korach, which, as discussed in the comments, states clearly that the person who is visiting benefits no less than the person being visited. While Rav Schwab talked about the Shechina being there because the sick person re-examines his life and regrets his past, the Kli Yakar doesn't mention the Shechina being there. He says that when people visit the sick or see someone else suffering, they do some soul searching which leads to some degree of teshuva, and this redounds to the benefit of the person who is suffering, who inspired that teshuva. The Kli Yakar says that Moshe Rabbeinu asked Hashem that Korach and his followers should come to an end that is completely outside human experience, so that nobody would look at them and think that such a thing could happen to them for their own sins, and so no benefit will come to the camp of Korach for inspiring teshuva. Implicit in the Kli Yakar, and central to our discussion, is this: that just as the Aseres Ye'mei Teshuva is called בהמצאו, so, too, the bed of a sick person, which is mesugal to Teshuva, is בהמצאו. A time and place that inspires Teshuva is a time and place where the Shechina is more accessible.
אם כמות כל האדם ימותון אלה וגו'. במסכת נדרים (לט ב) אמר ריש לקיש רמז לביקור חולים מן התורה שנאמר אם כמות כל אדם וגו' שהם חולים ומוטלים על עריסותיהם ובני אדם מבקרים אותם, לא ה' שלחני. ופירש רש"י שסמך על סוף המקרא שאמרו פקודת כל האדם יפקד עליהם פקידה זו היינו ביקור. והנה מקום אתי לפרש פקידה זו בדרך אחר כי יש שני מיני תועלת בביקור זה. האחד הוא שמבקרין אחרי צרכיו של החולה. השני הוא לצורך ההולכים שמה כי כמו שטוב ללכת אל בית אבל כדי שהחי יתן אל לבו כך טוב ללכת אל החולה כי על ידי זה יבקש ויפשפש במעשיו כי ילכו שמה אבירי לב הרחוקים מצדקה אשר אין פחד אלהים לנגד עיניהם ולבם הערל טח מהבין לאחריתם כי תוהו הוא וסופו למקום רימה. וזהו פקודת כל האדם כי הסוף הוא פקודת כל אדם יפקד עליהם יפקד לשון זכירה ורצה לומר אם יפקד ויזכר עליהם פקודת כל אדם היינו המיתה וזה ודאי על ידי שיבקרו אותם ויתגלגל זכות זה לרבים על ידיהם ואינן מקבלים עונש כמדתם אז כדבריהם כן הוא שלא ה' שלחני. אבל אם בריאה יברא ה' וגו' שלא ימותו כדרך כל העולם ואז לא יזכר על ידם פקודת כל האדם כי מחידוש לא ילפינן כי לא יעלה על לב אדם למות במיתה משונה כזו בזאת ידעון כי נאצו האנשים את ה' ואינן ראוין שיתגלגל על ידם שום זכות לזולתם:
וטעם למיתה כזו, לפי מה שכתבתי למעלה שכפרו בחידוש העולם ובבריאתו, אמר משה אם בריאה אם באמת היתה בריאה חדשה בששת ימי המעשה אז יאמת ה' דברי ויברא גם עתה חדשה בארץ ועל ידה יכירו וידעו כי ה' עושה חדשות. ומה שנברא בריאה זו דוקא לפי שאמרו חז"ל (אבות ג ב) אלמלא מוראה איש את רעהו חיים בלעו, והמה לא רצו בשום מנהיג כי אמרו כל העדה כולם קדושים ובתוכם ה' ומדוע תתנשאו על קהל ה', ולפי סברתם הנבערה יבלע איש את רעהו חיים על כן יענשו כמדתם שירדו שאול חיים. כי אפילו המתעצל בהספדו של אדם כשר אמרו חז"ל (שבת קה ב) שראוי לקוברו בחייו לפי שנראה שאינו מרגיש בהעדר השלם שהיה מטיל מוראו על הבריות, כל שכן עדת קרח שבפה מלא אמרו שאינן רוצין בשום מתנשא לכל ראש. על כן אמר משה שאם ימותו על מטתם ולא ירדו שאול חיים אז לא ה' שלחני לעשות כל המינוים של השררות והנהגת העם, אמנם אם ירדו שאול חיים בזאת ידעון כי נמדד להם כמדתם כי ה' שלחני לעשות כל המינוים כדי שכל העם הזה איש על מקומו יבוא בשלום. לכך נאמר ויאבדו מתוך הקהל,מתוך שרצה ה' שיהיו כל ישראל בקהילה אחת ובאגודה אחת וכל קהילה ואסיפה צריכה למנהיג כדי שלא יבלע איש את רעהו והמה לא רצו בזה על כן נאבדו כי הוא יצא לחלק ובין אחים יפריד על ידי מחלוקתו:
3 comments:
The Kli Yakar in Parshas Korach (16:29) on ופקדת כל האדם יפקד עליהם says: Moshe said that Dasan and Aviram would not die a normal death "and the visiting of all men would not be visited to them," i.e. bikur cholim, because the zchus of giving others the mitzvah would grant them a reprieve. Therefore, they had to die instantaneously without any opportunity to earn that zechus. עי"ש.
So maybe it's both ways - the main beneficiary of the etzem mitzvah is the visitor, but the choleh gets the incidental zechus for being the object of the mitzvah and that's how he gets his refuah. Everybody wins.
Thank you for the mareh makom. I looked at the Kli Yakar, and he says that the reason for the benefit to the visitor is that it reminds him of his own frailty and the need to constantly re-assess his behavior. Rav Schwab says that the reason the Shechina is there is because the sick person is doing so, a very similar idea.
If I could find a Kli Yakar text online, I would put it into the post.
I may have missed it, but I didn't see you mention the Maharal (in Derech Chaim on Avos 4:14) who writes that you find schar halicha by going to learn and by going to shul because in those cases the halicha is a necessary condition to the kiyum hamitzvah. Tefilah must be done in a communal context; you have to leave your private space and join others. Torah must be learned from a rebbe; you again have move out of your private space to do the mitzvah. By other mitzvos this is not the case, e.g. if someone brings you a lulav you don't have to go shop for one. The halicha is just a means to an end, but not inherent in the mitzvah itself. Based on that it would seem to follow (though the Maharal doesn't say it) that since the cholah is stuck in bed by definition going to visit him/her is inherent in the kiyum hamitzvah.
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